Great question. Plants need 6 nutrients: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Magnesium, Sulfur, and Calcium. Plants get Carbon from the air and not the soil.
When you go to a garden center and buy compost it will say on the back of the bag the proportion of the 6 nutrients this soil contains, as well as the pH. Different plants need different amounts of these nutrients and need a specific pH.
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